Rahul Singh
Kolkata: For the residents of West Bengal’s Sundarban region, climate change and poverty are two sides of the same coin. While Tapasi Haldar, a resident of Damkal Kuimai village in South 24 Parganas district, has had her share of problems with these major issues, corruption has also impacted her.
Tapasi earns Rs 100 to 400 when she goes fishing once in four or five days, while her husband Sanat Haldar works in a potato godown in Jalpaiguri.
Though her income is meagre, Tapasi was forced to cough up Rs 600 as bribe to digitalise her ration card.
“Our panchayat member does not hear us. We expect good housing and construction of river embankments to prevent breaches during cyclones,” says the mother of four.
Work on embankments were part of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) scheme, which became defunct in the state one-and-a-half years ago due to the Centre-state tussle. This has not only affected work, but also the livelihood of lakhs of MGNREGA workers.
Sanatan Haldar and his wife Joba Haldar, who are from Tapasi’s village, still await payment of dues for work done under the scheme. Joba says they manage by catching fish and crabs these days, while she also gets Rs 500 every month under Lakshmir Bhandar scheme. The government provides 5 kg ration rice for each family member.
“Everything happens as per the state government’s wish now. Two months ago, the Duare Sarkar programme was held in Nagendrapur, our panchayat. Earlier, gram sansad used to meet and make decisions on local issues,” said Sanatan.
Under the Duare Sarkar (government at doorstep) outreach programme, camps are organised to deliver services and enlist beneficiaries under at least 11 welfare schemes run by the Mamata Banerjee government. The government staff reach the gram panchayat/municipal ward to provide information on welfare schemes.
Paray Samadhan (locality outreach), a community component of the programme, deals with citizens’ petitions seeking redressal of neighbourhood issues/needs. In a way, the programme limits the powers of panchayats and gives more control to workers of the ruling Trinamool Congress (TMC).
“Government officials and TMC workers visit villages under the programme. But people are still disappointed because their problems are not resolved. If only the government’s attitude is positive will the lowest tier of Panchayati Raj Institutions work effectively,” CPM’s state committee member Meenakshi Mukherjee told 101Reporters.
Powers And Duties
“As gram panchayats in the state (West Bengal) are quite large in size with populations of 20,000 to 30,000, they have been subdivided on ward basis amending the Gram Panchayat Act. For each ward, constitution of gram sansad has been made mandatory. Gram sansad is a body constituted with all the voters in a constituency of the gram panchayat,” said an explanatory write-up published in Odisha Review.
Gram sansad meetings are instruments of direct participation of people in the planning process as well as monitoring of elected representatives.
“Under the laws, gram sansad is supposed to (i) guide and advise the gram panchayats with regard to schemes for economic development and social justice undertaken or proposed to be undertaken in its area; (ii) identify or lay down principles for identification of the beneficiaries for various poverty alleviation programmes; (iii) constitute beneficiary committees for ensuring active participation of the people in implementation, maintenance and equitable distribution of benefits of schemes in the area; (iv) mobilise mass participation for community welfare, and programmes for adult education, family planning and child welfare; and (v) record its objections to any action of the village council chief or any member of the village council for failure to implement development schemes properly or without active participation of the people of the area.”
The powers and duties of the gram panchayat include sanitation, drinking water supply, maintenance and repair of public streets, removal of encroachments and organising voluntary labour for community works and works for uplifting its area. Gram unnayan samiti, on the other hand, assists gram sansad to prepare its five-year and annual plans, which form the basis of gram panchayat plan.
Gram unnayan samiti is constituted in a special meeting of the gram sansad and will have the elected panchayat member, the candidate who finished second in polls and representatives from other social spheres. As part of its work, the unnayan samiti identifies needs of the sansad area through participatory methods and prepares budget. It helps the gram panchayat to make both assessment and realisation of tax, and prioritise the projects and schemes for implementation using available resources and in consultation with villagers.
Promoting livelihood opportunities for all adult members of the sansad through proper and planned utilisation of available resources, including greater access to credit from financial institutions or gram sansad fund is another area of priority.
Spreading awareness on livelihood, health, nutrition, education, gender and environment is another function. It also tries to mobilise people around the gram sansad for expansion of social opportunities and in the process link up the activities of the sansad with those of the gram panchayat concerned.
Meetings, Discussions On Back Burner
The gram sansad holds a meeting of the entire electorate of a constituency once in six months (November and May) to discuss local needs, new programmes, choose beneficiaries of existing programmes, review the past and proposed programmes, and inspect the accounts of expenditure and budgets of the panchayat.
Each village within a gram panchayat will have its own gram sabha, which meets annually (in December, after the completion of gram sansad’s half-yearly meeting) to review the proposed budget for the next year and performance of the previous year. The decisions of gram sansad are discussed in the gram sabha.
“Both gram sansad and gram unnayan samiti have been rendered inactive after the TMC government came into power. Their strength has been lost… In the Duare Sarkar programme, the TMC leaders and bureaucrats aligned to the ruling party assume the duties of the panchayat,” Anuradha Talwar, state committee member, Paschim Banga Khet Mazdoor Samity, said.
Sariful Malik from Indian Secular Front (ISF) is the newly-elected panchayat member from Chalta Beria in Bhangar-2 block of South 24 Parganas.
“The TMC workers stop Opposition parties from contesting elections and do not give them a chance in matters related to the panchayat,” he claimed.
Kankandighi panchayat chief Purnima Kar from the TMC, however, claimed that all panchayat committees hold meetings in her place. Her husband Govindchandra Kar said gram sansad meets twice a year and decides on development schemes, including road construction and identification of beneficiaries for tubewells. Both claim the Opposition’s views are heard and considered important while taking decisions. Nagendrapur and Kankandighi panchayats are adjacent to each other.
One-tenth of the total members have to form a quorum for a gram sansad meeting, failing which an adjournment meeting can be held. The Mamata government is accused of using this provision of the West Bengal Panchayat Act, 1973, to run the show using government staff and thus override the powers of the local bodies.
Conversations with people in rural parts of South and North Bengal make it clear that they still remember the gram sansad meetings.
“Democracy is dead, and the government is responsible for it. Neither gram sansad nor gram unnayan samiti meets,” said Navo Kumar Laskar, an MGNREGA worker from Damkal-3 in South 24 Parganas district.
“If these forums function, issues will have to be discussed there. But this is not the TMC culture. For the sake of showing off, they hold gram sansad meetings at some places. But even there, the TMC workers rule the roost,” Kolkata-based journalist Chandan Das explained.
“West Bengal does not need Duare Sarkar programmes. By attending them, you can only fill up forms for government schemes. You cannot register a complaint there. What we really need is elected panchayat representatives, to whom the public can complain or speak their minds,” Das emphasised.
Even the recent July 8 panchayat elections were announced hastily, a day after Rajiva Sinha — who had served as chief secretary for a year from September 2019 — assumed the office of State Election Commissioner on June 7.
“The usual practice of holding an all-party meet before announcing election dates was given a miss. Unlike the four-phase polls of 2018, elections were scheduled in a single phase this time,” said Mohammad Abdul Malik Mollah, ISF’s South 24 Parganas district president.
Though panchayat elections have been regularly held in West Bengal since 1978, its fairness has always been under question. The Duare Sarkar initiative makes matters worse.
(Rahul Singh is a West Bengal-based freelance journalist and a member of 101Reporters, a pan-India network of grassroots reporters)
