With an ever-increasing population and rapid development of various industries and urban areas, India has been experiencing freshwater crisis for long. Even after seventy-five years of independence, it has not been possible for the Government to provide drinking water to all the citizens throughout the year.
The country has more than 17% of the world’s population but has only 4% of its usable water resources. Nearly 50% population of India, particularly those in rural areas are deprived of fresh water for drinking during most part of the year. In recent decades, floods and droughts are occurring in different parts of the country more frequently because of improper management of land and water resources. Rapid deforestation and urbanisation have helped most of the rainwater to drain out to the ocean. Nearly 20% of the area of India is drought-prone and about 40 million hectares of the land is flood prone. In addition to this, waste and effluents of the industries and urban habitation are mainly responsible for polluting a large number of surface as well as groundwater bodies.
Low public consciousness about the overall scarcity and economic value of water results in considerable wastage and inefficient use. In addition to this, due to the absence of proper national water policy, faulty planning, management, distribution and transport system, this valuable natural resource is not effectively utilised in promoting our agricultural and industrial developments as well as domestic requirements. The present precarious situation and mismanagement of water resources in India have resulted in several important concerns for the nation. Some of these are:
- Large parts of India have already become water-stressed
- There is a wide temporal and spatial variation in the availability of water
- Problems with providing drinking water throughout the year for all
- Over exploitation of groundwater with no control
- Inter-state and inter-regional disputes in sharing of river water
- No systematic plan and practices for rainwater harvesting
- Growing pollution of water bodies at point and non-point sources
- Bad maintenance of existing water resource infrastructure
- Absence of an interdisciplinary approach to water-related problems
- Faulty planning regarding water resource management
- Unsatisfactory public and private involvement in water resource management
- Lack of adequate trained personnel for applying modern technology in water resource conservation and development,
- Low public consciousness about the overall scarcity and economic value of water and
- Faulty rules and regulations regarding water resource development and management.
Due to all these drawbacks, in India even after 75 years of Independence, the first and foremost programme to supply drinking water to all its citizens throughout the year has been far from successful.
Nearly 50 per cent of our population, particularly those in rural areas, are deprived of fresh water for drinking during most part of the year. Due to unplanned urbanisation and industrialisation, both surface and groundwater resources which were earlier being used for agriculture and domestic purposes, are being heavily shared by the industries and urban population. This situation is considerably affecting water demand in various sectors. In addition to this, a vast amount of waste and effluents generated by urban habitation and industries are drastically polluting the rivers as well as groundwater resources. In addition to this, extensive use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides in agricultural activities results in the generation of a lot of polluted water from agricultural fields to nearby water bodies making those even more polluted.
Floods and droughts are occurring in different parts of the country every year because of improper management of land and water resources including rainwater. Nearly 15-20% area of India is drought-prone and about 40 million hectares of the land is flood-prone. Every year, on an average, floods affect both the cultivable and residential areas of around 7.5 million hectares.
With rapid industrialisation and urbanisation, the wetlands which are the major source of surface water as well as necessary for recharging the groundwater, are fast disappearing in different parts of the country. Nearly 50% of country’s wetland has vanished mainly due to the development of urban areas, industrial and agricultural activities. As a result, the possibility of getting the required amount of water for various purposes has declined considerably. Further, the disappearance of wetlands and cutting down large areas of forests, has resulted in rain water rushing back to the ocean through rivers at a very fast rate without getting much opportunity to be retained on and under the ground. At the same time, with rapid filling up of the river beds and the basins with soft earth taken away by rainwater from the barren catchment areas, the rivers are getting more shallow and causing frequent floods in nearby areas.
Due to the faulty nature of transportation of water from the main source to the users in the agricultural sector as well as in industrial and urban complexes, a large amount of water gets lost along the way. The system for supplying water for irrigation purposes in most places in India being primitive, a lot of water is lost through the earthen canal system. Again, during the water supply to cities, commercial centres and industrial areas, through ill-maintained pipeline transportation, about 30 to 40% of water is wasted.
In view of the scarcity of water in different sectors mainly due to improper planning and mismanagement, it has been necessary to have an effective and appropriate National Water Policy in order to provide required amount of water to different sectors. In this process, the domestic, agriculture and industry sectors can get the required amounts of water. This would facilitate socio-economic development in various regions of the country.
Water resource projects being multi-disciplinary in nature, in framing an effective national water policy, planning and implementation of projects, all concerned, should be fully involved. In this way it would be possible to achieve optimum utilization of water in different sectors along with environmental sustainability and bringing benefits to all the people in the country.
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