Why Chilika’s Irrawaddy dolphin population matters On the surface, the Irrawaddy dolphin appears to be an anomaly of a species with its rounded head and blunt snout, giving it its characteristic sheepish “smile”. Its resemblance to the beluga whale has often led to confusion among observers, especially in coastal areas where both species may be present. Unlike the tapering anterior of dolphins belonging to the Delphinidae family, Irrawaddy dolphins lack a beak. Their uniqueness extends beyond their appearance; they play a vital ecological role in Chilika’s lagoon ecosystem.
Unlike their counterparts in South East Asia, the Irrawaddy dolphins of Chilika can adapt to the varying degrees of salinity in a brackish water environment. As apex predators, they help maintain the ecological balance of the lagoon by keeping the population of their prey species under control. A loss of apex predators would kick off a domino effect resulting in overgrazing of aquatic vegetation and habitat loss for other species. This phenomenon, called trophic cascade, is not limited to only habitat destruction for certain species but can have an overarching effect on the entire ecosystem. Not only can the increased herbivore population outcompete juveniles, they can induce consequential changes in nutrient dynamics by reducing the number of detrivores that depend on organic matter to recycle nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.
Currently, the population of Irrawaddy dolphins in Chilika stands at fewer than 200 individuals, highlighting their status as an ideal flagship species for conservation efforts. Protecting these dolphins not only benefits the species itself but also supports the overall health of the lagoon ecosystem, which in turn provides cultural and economic advantages, such as eco-tourism and job opportunities for local fishing communities. Thanks to the concerted efforts of local and international conservationists, the Irrawaddy dolphin population has shown a slow but steady increase in recent years, especially following the severe declines of the early 2000s caused by unsustainable fishing practices and habitat destruction exacerbated by climate change.
Nevertheless, the species remains classified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, indicating a heightened risk of extinction in the wild. Their isolated populations across Southeast and South Asia make them particularly susceptible to local threats. Recognizing the significance of Irrawaddy dolphins and fostering community engagement in conservation initiatives are as crucial as implementing protective policies. Active involvement from local communities can enhance awareness and promote sustainable practices that benefit both the dolphins and the people who share their habitat.