By Varsha Singh
Nainital: Hema Jalal had a tough time in March-April. With the wheat crop on four bighas ready for harvest and the threat of marauding wild elephants at its peak, she could barely sleep.
“They come every second or third night once the crop matures. Around eight elephants are present in this herd. The moment we heard them arriving, my husband and I beat on tin sheets vehemently or flashed torchlights. They ran away, only to return soon,” said the 29-year-old Hema, who lives in Thapliya Ganja village in Nainital district’s Bhimtal block.
Located about 20 km from Corbett Tiger Reserve, the village falls under Kaladhungi forest range and abuts an elephant corridor. Baur and Tilaud rivers flow nearby, which makes the village a conducive spot for elephants.
According to Hema, the herd that feasted on her crop settled near the village two-and-a-half years ago. Before that, only one or two elephants could be spotted.
“They enter the field around 12.30 am, and will stick around till 4 am. Despite our best efforts, we have lost wheat in at least one bigha this time,” she rued.
Three years ago, when elephant sightings were rare, Hema harvested around 18 quintals of wheat. Five and three quintals were kept aside for personal consumption and the next cycle of sowing, respectively. The remaining 10 quintals were sold for around Rs 20,000 annually. Since then, the losses have increased considerably, and their income has nearly halved.
Help Comes Buzzing
Taking note of the farmers’ plight, Uttarakhand forest department decided to run a pilot project to fence the village using a string of bee boxes.
“Kaladhungi range in Ramnagar forest division is extremely prone to human-elephant conflict. We started work on the beehive biofencing pilot last November,” Kundan Kumar, Divisional Forest Officer (DFO), Ramnagar division, told 101Reporters.
This unique fence has so far covered a distance of one-and-a half km on the boundary of the reserve forest and revenue land. The boxes – 60 in total – have been installed in a pattern, with an alternating distance of 3m and 7m between them.
In order to assess the outcome, camera traps were installed.
“The bee boxes are linked to each other with wires for fencing. CCTV monitoring established that jumbos are indeed scared of honey bees. They just back off the moment they hear the buzzing of bees,” said Kumar.
An elephant’s body is mostly covered with thick skin, but there are soft and sensitive areas like trunk, ears and feet, where bees can sting.
Though the bee boxes were set up in February, farmers could not take advantage of the pilot this rabi season.
“Our village is surrounded by forest on all sides. Now, elephants are not entering from the side secured using the biofence. However, it covers only 40% of the village limits, so the jumbos come calling through the porous areas,” explained Dhan Singh Bisht, sarpanch, Thapliya Ganja van panchayat.
He opined that the 7m distance maintained between the boxes should come down.
“We did not have enough boxes to keep the hives closer. We need more bee boxes and further steps to fence the entire border.”
Van Panchayat’s Crucial Role
One of the first things that the forest department did to ensure success of the project was to involve the community.
“The responsibility of fence maintenance was assigned to the van panchayat. With the help of Haldwani-based NGO Chaitanya Maunalaya Evam Krishi Sewa Samiti, we trained van panchayat members and women in beekeeping. Forty boxes with bees and 20 empty units that the new queen bees in search of hives could utilise were provided,” informed DFO Kumar.
Van panchayat appointed a watchman for fence maintenance throughout the day for a monthly salary of Rs 6,000. Jamman Singh Bisht, the watchman, is assisted by van sarpanch or villagers, whenever needed.
“Rosewood, sal and other trees in the forest are in bloom. Litchi plants, which strongly attract honey bees, also blossom at this time. Many times, bees leave the boxes in swarms and settle on trees. I have to then bring them back using a waxed frame. Once they settle, I place the frame in one of the empty boxes,” Jamman explained.
He added that the bees have enough food around them in spring, but have to be fed a solution of sugar or jaggery in the rainy season. Honey is produced in the hives every 45 days, depending on the season.
Traditionally, van panchayats of Uttarakhand do work related to water conservation and land management to improve forest habitat. The department hires villagers for wages for work inside the forest. However, for beekeeping in Thapliya Ganja, workers are not paid.
The villagers were still enthusiastic as the project would save their crops from rampaging jumbos, besides enhancing the van panchayat’s income through sale of honey, wax and pollen.
“A box can provide 15 to 25 kg of honey. As the production is based on the types of flowers they feed on, we go by a modest estimate of 5 kg per box,” said van sarpanch Dhan.
“The income from sales will be primarily used for paying the watchman’s salary. The rest will go into the installation of new boxes and arranging of food for bees,” Dhan said. He was happy that honey bees have made new homes in 15 of the 20 empty boxes.
Experimental Phase
Human-animal conflicts killed 533 people in 2021-22, according to a reply given in the Lok Sabha on July 25 last year. During the same period, 65 jumbos were electrocuted in 12 states. According to Uttarakhand Forest department, four elephants were electrocuted in the last five years in Kaladhungi range, but there were no human casualties. At least 48 cases of crop damage were registered.
Several measures have been adopted to stop jumbos in their natural habitats, including making water and fodder available inside forests, and managing pastures and wild bushes. In Uttarakhand, elephant proof trench, solar/electric fencing and stone wall have been tried, but none of them were cheap and fully effective.
As for the beehive biofence, there is no definite claim on its functionality in India. However, taking inspiration from a Kenyan project, which was 80% successful, the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) launched RE-HAB (Reducing Elephant-Human Attacks using Bees) in Karnataka in 2021. It was replicated in nine states, including Uttarakhand.
The forest department is satisfied with the results from such a fence in Chausala in Fatehpur range of Ramnagar division. The KVIC provided 330 bee boxes, after the villagers made a request in writing.
“The CCTV data suggest its effectiveness. One of the images captured showed an elephant near the fence, but it made no attempt to breach the bee boxes,” Fatehpur Range Officer KL Arya said.
The KVIC employs two persons for fence maintenance. It has also trained 33 farmers in beekeeping. On project completion, 10 beehive boxes will be given to each of these farmers.
“This is a year-long research to understand how beehive fences can prevent man-elephant conflict,” said JS Malik, Assistant Director, KVIC, Dehradun.
Chausala village head Bhupal Singh claimed that the beehive fence has been effective up to 90%. “Our village is like an island in the middle of a jungle and elephants can come anytime. Ever since the biofence was set up, elephant movement has reduced. We saw CCTV images of elephants breaking two bee boxes, but they never took that route again!”
Haridwar had experimented with biofence in 2019 itself, when Akash Verma was the DFO there.
“We used thorny bamboo and lemongrass in a stretch of about one km each. The bamboo idea was a success as jumbo movement in that route stopped. On the flip side, the plant took time to grow and mature. The scent of lemongrass, planted 15 to 20 m apart, did not deter the jumbos,” informed Verma, now Conservator of Forests, North Kumaon Circle.
According to Malik, bees can boost agricultural production by 30 to 35% as they are excellent pollinators. If the fence works, elephants will spare the crops and bees will improve crop yields, thus killing two birds with one stone.
(Varsha Singh is a Uttarakhand-based journalist and a member of 101Reporters, a pan-India network of grassroots reporters, where this article was originally published)
